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JOHN WILEY Phytonutritional Improvement Of Crops 2017 Edition by Noureddine Benkeblia (Editor)
An in-depth treatment of cutting-edge work being done internationally to develop new techniques in crop nutritional quality improvement Phytonutritional Improvement of Crops explores recent advances in biotechnological methods for the nutritional enrichment of food crops. Featuring contributions from an international group of experts in the field, it provides cutting-edge information on techniques of immense importance to academic, professional and commercial operations. World population is now estimated to be 7.5 billion people, with an annual growth rate of nearly 1.5%. Clearly, the need to enhance not only the quantity of food produced but its quality has never been greater, especially among less developed nations. Genetic manipulation offers the best prospect for achieving that goal. As many fruit crops provide proven health benefits, research efforts need to be focused on improving the nutritional qualities of fruits and vegetables through increased synthesis of lycopene and beta carotene, anthocyanins and some phenolics known to be strong antioxidants. Despite tremendous growth in the area occurring over the past several decades, the work has only just begun.This book represents an effort to address the urgent need to promote those efforts and to mobilise the tools of biotechnical and genetic engineering of the major food crops. Topics covered include: * New applications of RNA-interference and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) for nutritional genomics in crop plants * Biotechnological techniques for enhancing carotenoid in crops and their implications for both human health and sustainable development * Progress being made in the enrichment and metabolic profiling of diverse carotenoids in a range of fruit crops, including tomatoes, sweet potatoes and tropical fruits * Biotechnologies for boosting the phytonutritional values of key crops, including grapes and sweet potatoes * Recent progress in the development of transgenic rice engineered to massively accumulate flavonoids in-seed Phytonutritional Improvement of Crops is an important text/reference that belongs in all universities and research establishments where agriculture, horticulture, biological sciences, and food science and technology are studied, taught and applied. List of Contributors xvForeword xxi1 Important Plant-Based Phytonutrients 1Avik Basu, Saikat Kumar Basu, Ratnabali Sengupta, Muhammad Asif, Xianping Li, Yanshan Li, Arvind Hirani, Peiman Zandi, Muhammad Sajad, Francisco Solorio -Sanchez, Ambrose Obongo Mbuya, William Cetzal-Ix, Sonam Tashi, Tshitila Jongthap,Danapati Dhungyel and Mukhtar AhmadList of Abbreviations 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health 31.3 Plants with Potential for Use as Nutraceutical Source and Functional Food Component 491.4 Nutraceutical Values of Fenugreek 491.4.1 Fenugreek Possesses the Following Medicinal Properties 501.5 Coloured Potatoes as Functional Food 511.6 Red Wine as Functional Food 541.7 Tea as Functional Food 541.8 Cereals as Nutraceuticals 551.9 Nutraceutical Properties of Wheat Bran and Germ 581.9.1 Wheat Bran 581.9.2 Wheat Germ 591.10 Barley and Oat as Nutraceuticals 591.11 Value-Added Products 591.12 Conclusion 61Acknowledgements 61References 612 Biotechnological Interventions for Improvement of Plant Nutritional Value: From Mechanisms to Applications 83 Rajan Katoch, Sunil Kumar Singh and Neelam Thakur2.1 Introduction 832.2 Improvement of Food Nutrition 842.3 Improvement of Nutritional Value Through Crop Improvement 852.4 Identification of Genes With the Potential to Improve the Nutritional Quality 862.5 Genetic Engineering for the Introduction of Nutritionally Potential Genes 902.6 Nutritional Improvement Through Recent Biotechnological Advances 922.7 Production of Health Care Products 942.7.1 The Development of Oral Vaccines in Plant System 952.7.2 Advantages of Plant System in the Development of Oral Vaccines 962.7.3 Edible Vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus 982.8 Major Biotechnological Advances in Nutritional Improvement of Plants 992.9 Conclusion 100References 1003 Nutrient Biofortification of Staple Food Crops: Technologies, Products and Prospects 113Chavali Kameswara Rao and Seetharam Annadana3.1 Introduction 1133.2 The Concepts of Nutrition and Malnutrition 1143.2.1 Nutrition, Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Balanced Diets 1143.2.2 Hunger, Nutritional Security, Undernutrition and Malnutrition 1163.2.3 The Metabolic Syndrome 1163.3 Strategies to Enhance Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Content of Plant Foods 1183.3.1 Interventions to Enhance Nutrient Intake 1183.3.2 Technologies for Biofortification 1193.3.3 Common Genetic Engineering Technologies 1203.3.4 Alternative Genetic Engineering Technologies 1223.3.5 Recent Genetic Engineering Technologies 1233.3.6 Moral and Ethical Arguments Against Genetic Engineering Technologies 1243.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Modification of Dietary Carbohydrates 1253.4.1 The Carbohydrates 1253.4.2 Modifying Levels of Components of Starch 1283.4.3 Engineering Levels of Fructans 1293.4.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement Dietary Fibre 1303.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement of Proteins and Amino Acids 1313.5.1 The Proteins and Amino Acids 1313.5.2 Enhancement of Total Protein 1323.5.3 Enhancement of Levels of Lysine 1323.5.4 Enhancement of Levels of Methionine 1333.5.5 Simultaneous Enhancement of levels Several Amino Acids 1333.5.6 Artificial Storage Protein 1333.5.7 Alternate Interventions 1343.5.8 Non ]Proteinogenic Amino Acids 1353.6 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement of Fatty Acids in Oil Seed Crops 1363.6.1 Lipids, Fats and Oils 1363.6.2 Cholesterol 1363.6.3 Characterisation of Fatty Acids, Dietary Fats and Oils 1363.6.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Improvement of Oil Seed Crops 1373.6.5 The New Shift in Fat Paradigm and Its Implications 1403.7 Enhancement of Levels of Vitamins 1413.7.1 The Vitamins 1413.7.2 Retinoids (Vitamin A) 1423.7.3 Folate (Vitamin B9) 1453.7.4 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 1463.7.5 Tocopherols (Vitamin E) 1473.7.6 Multi ]vitamin Corn 1483.8 Enhancement of Levels of Mineral Elements 1483.8.1 Role of Mineral Elements in Human Health 1483.8.2 Iron (Fe) 1503.8.3 Zinc (Zn) 1523.8.4 Calcium (Ca) 1543.8.5 Selenium (Se) 1553.8.6 Iodine (I) 1563.8.7 Fluoride (Fl) 1573.9 Enhancement of Antioxidants 1573.9.1 The Antioxidants 1573.9.2 Lycopene 1583.9.3 Flavonoids 1593.9.4 Carotenoids 1593.9.5 Other Antioxidants 1603.9.6 Thermal Stability of Antioxidants 1603.10 Mitigation of Levels of Antinutritional Factors 1603.10.1 The Antinutritional Factors 1603.10.2 Phytate 1603.10.3 Inhibitors of Digestive Enzymes 1623.10.4 Reducing Levels of Allergens 1623.10.5 Other Significant Antinutritional Factors 1633.11 Conclusions and Recommendations 163Acknowledgement 167References 1674 Applications of RNA-Interference and Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for Nutritional Genomics in Crop Plants 185Subodh Kumar Sinha and Basavaprabhu L. Patil4.1 Introduction 1854.2 RNA Interference 1864.2.1 RNAi in Modification of Primary Metabolism 1864.2.2 RNAi for Modification of Secondary Metabolism 1884.3 Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for Biofortification 1924.4 Conclusions 195References 1965 Strategies for Enhancing Phytonutrient Content in Plant-Based Foods 203Carla S. Santos, Noureddine Benkeblia and Marta W. Vasconcelos5.1 Introduction 2035.2 What are Phytonutrients? 2045.3 Which Plant-Based Foods are the Best Known Sources of Phytonutrients? 2055.4 How Can We Enhance Phytonutrients? 2075.4.1 Conventional Breeding 2075.4.2 Molecular Breeding 2085.4.3 Metabolic Engineering and Genetic Modification 2085.5 Phenotyping for Phytonutrients at Different Levels 2105.5.1 Low Throughput Techniques 2105.5.2 High ]Throughput Techniques 2135.6 The Future Ahead/Concluding Remarks 216Acknowledgements 217References 2176 The Use of Genetic Engineering to Improve the Nutritional Profile of Traditional Plant Foods 233Marta R.M. Lima, Carla S. Santos and Marta W. Vasconcelos6.1 Introduction 2336.1.1 Nutrients in Plant Foods 2336.1.2 Consequences of Malnutrition 2356.1.3 Strategies to Overcome Malnutrition 2356.2 What Are Genetically Engineered Crops? 2366.2.1 Plant Genetic Transformation Technologies 2366.2.2 Traditional Foods with Enhanced Nutritional Profiles: Case Studies 2386.3 GM Plant Foods Under Approval for Commercial Utilisation 2456.4 Socioeconomic Impact and Safety of GM Foods 247Acknowledgements 248References 2487 Carotenoids: Biotechnological Improvements for Human Health and Sustainable Development 259George G. Khachatourians7.1 Introduction 2597.2 Occurrence 2607.3 Discovery and Early History 2607.4 Carotenoids Use in Human Foods and Biotechnology 2627.5 Use of Carotenoids in Animal Feed 2647.6 Global Market Situation and Sustainability 2647.7 Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Function in Plants 2667.8 Conclusion and Perspectives 268References 2688 Progress in Enrichment and Metabolic Profiling of Diverse Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits: Importance of Hyphenated Techniques 271Bangalore Prabhashankar Arathi, Poorigali Raghavendra ]Rao Sowmya, Kariyappa Vijay, Vallikannan Baskaran and Rangaswamy Lakshminarayana8.1 Introduction 2718.2 Trends in Biosynthesis of Carotenoids and their Profiling in Plants and Tropical Fruits 2748.3 Biotechnological Approaches to Enrich Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits 2818.3.1 Conventional Approaches to Enrich Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits 2838.3.2 Pre ] and Post ]Harvest Technology to Improve Carotenoids Contents in Tropical Fruits 2838.4 Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Carotenoids From Fruits and Their Products 2858.5 Techniques to Characterise Carotenoids from Fruits 2918.6 Conclusion 294Acknowledgements 294References 2959 Improvement of Carotenoid Accumulation in Tomato Fruit 309Lihong Liu, Zhiyong Shao, Min Zhang, Tianyu Liu, Haoran Liu, Shuo Li, Yuanyuan Liu and Qiaomei WangList of Abbreviations 3099.1 Introduction 3109.2 Metabolism of Carotenoid in Tomato 3129.2.1 Biosynthesis of Carotenoid 3129.2.2 Catabolism of Carotenoid 3159.3 The Biosynthetic Capacities of the Plastid 3169.4 Hormonal Regulatory Network of Carotenoid Metabolism 3179.4.1 Ethylene 3179.4.2 Jasmonates 3189.4.3 Brassinosteroids 3199.4.4 Abscisic acid 3199.4.5 Gibberellin 3209.4.6 Auxin 3209.5 Environmental Regulation of Carotenoid Metabolism 3209.5.1 Light 3209.5.2 Temperature 3229.5.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 3229.5.4 Post ]Harvest Regulation 3229.6 Bioavailability of Carotenoid 3229.7 Food Omics 324Acknowledgements 324References 32710 Modern Biotechnologies and Phytonutritional Improvement of Grape and Wine 339Atanas Atanassov, Teodora Dzhambazova, Ivanka Kamenova, Ivan Tsvetkov, Vasil Georgiev, Ivayla Dincheva, Ilian Badjakov, Dasha Mihaylova, Miroslava Kakalova, Atanas Pavlov and Plamen Mollov10.1 Grape Genomics 33910.1.1 Identifying Genes Behind the Main Secondary Metabolites 34010.1.2 Identifying Disease Resistance Genes in Vitis sp.-a New Level of Grapevine Breeding 34110.2 Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and Genomic Selection (GS) of Grapevine 34210.3 Engineered Resistance to Viruses 34310.4 Diagnosis of Grapevine Viruses 35010.4.1 Biological Assays 35010.4.2 Serological Assays 35010.4.3 Molecular Assays 35110.5 Phytonutritional Compounds with Biological Activity in Grape and Wine and Their Target Analyses 35310.5.1 Biologically Active Substances Found in Grape and Wine 35310.5.2 LC ]MS and GC ]MS Based Analysis and Metabolomics 35810.5.3 NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Grape and Wine 36010.6 Wine Quality 36110.6.1 What is the Particular Meaning We Imply to the Term 'Quality of Wine'? 36110.6.2 How is the Wine Quality Created? 36210.7 Grapevine Genetic Resources ] Prospects in Management and Sustainable Use 36710.7.1 European Policy, Regulation and Coordination Initiatives 36710.7.2 Vitis Grapevine Genebanks, Collections and Databases 36810.7.3 European Scientific Achievements 369References 37011 Phytonutrient Improvements of Sweetpotato 391Noureddine Benkeblia 39111.1 Introduction 39111.2 Nutritional Qualities of Sweetpotato 39311.3 Phytonutrient Improvements of Sweetpotato 39610.3.1 Sweetpotato Improvement for ]Carotene 39610.3.2 Sweetpotato Improvement for Anthocyanins and Phenolics 39710.3.3 Other Nutrient Improvements 39911.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 399Acknowledgements 400References 40012 Improvement of Glucosinolate in Cruciferous Crops 407Huiying Miao, Bo Sun, Yanting Zhao, Hongmei Qian, Congxi Cai, Jiaqi Chang, Mingdan Deng, Xin Zhang and Qiaomei Wang List of Abbreviations 40712.1 Introduction 40812.2 Glucosinolate Breakdown 40812.2.1 Glucosinolate Breakdown Upon Tissue Damage 40912.2.2 Glucosinolate Breakdown in Living Plant Cell 41012.2.3 Glucosinolate Hydrolysis in Mammalian 41112.3 Biological Functions of Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products 41112.3.1 Anticarcinogenic Mechanism 41112.3.2 Other Chemopeventive Effects 41312.3.3 Adverse Effects 41312.4 Glucosinolate Biosynthesis 41412.4.1 Side-Chain Elongation 41412.4.2 Formation of Core Glucosinolate Structure 41412.4.3 Secondary Modifications 41612.4.4 Regulators of Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Pathway 41612.5 Metabolic Engineering of Glucosinolates in Brassica Crops 41812.6 Glucosinolate Accumulation under Pre-Harvest and Post-Harvest Handlings 42112.6.1 Effects of Light on Glucosinolate Accumulation 42212.6.2 Chemical Regulation of Glucosinolate Accumulation 42312.6.3 Glucosinolate Changes upon Post-Harvest Handlings 42712.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 432Acknowledgements 433References 43313 Development of the Transgenic Rice Accumulating Flavonoids in Seed by Metabolic Engineering 451Yuko Ogo and Fumio Takaiwa13.1 Introduction 45113.2 Production of Flavonoids in Rice Seed by Ectopic Expression of the Biosynthetic Enzymes 45413.3 Production of Flavonoids in Rice Seed by Ectopic Expression of the Transcription Factors 45813.4 Characterisation of Flavonoids in Transgenic Rice Seed by LC-MS-based Metabolomics 46013.5 Future Prospects 461References 46314 Nutrient Management for High Efficiency Sweetpotato Production 471Yong ]Chun Zhang, Ji ]Dong Wang, Yan ]Xi Shi and Dai ]Fu Ma14.1 Patterns of Growth and Development and Nutrient Absorption in Sweetpotato 47114.1.1 Area under Sweetpotato 47114.1.2 Growth Characteristics 47114.1.3 Nutrient Requirements 47214.1.4 Factors Affecting Nutrient Absorption 47214.2 Screening of High Efficient of Potassium Uptake and Utilised Genotypes 47414.2.1 Potassium Deficiency 47414.2.2 Potassium Use Efficiency and Utilisation Efficiency 47614.2.3 Screening of High Uptake Efficiency Genotypes 47614.2.4 Screening of High Use Efficiency Genotypes 47814.3 Effect of Fertilisers 48014.3.1 Effect of Nitrogen Application 48014.3.2 Effect of Phosphorus Application 48214.3.3 Effect of Potassium Application 48214.3.4 Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Application on Yield 48314.4 Balanced Fertiliser Management in Sweetpotato at Sishui, Shandong: A Case Study 48314.4.1 General Description of Area 48314.4.2 Major Steps Towards Balanced Application of Fertilisers 48514.4.3 Establishment and Application of an Expert Consultation System 49114.5 Application of Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation ('Fertigation') 49314.5.1 Effect of Supplying Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation on Sweetpotato 49414.5.2 Input/output Ratio in Application of Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation 495Acknowledgements 495References 495Index 499