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Springer Critical Reviews in Tropical Medicine Volume 2 1st Editon 2011 Softbound by R.K. Chandra
At the present time there are renewed global efforts to control the major tropical infections and to stem the tide of malnutrition, the two serious, often intertwined, problems that contribute to much of the morbidity and mortality in under privileged populations. Many international organizations have joined hands with national governments and with the private sector to search for new approaches to problems that beset much of the developing world, including countries in the tropical region. This volume continues the tradition of the previous publication in the Series. A variety of fare is offered to readers: explanations of the activities and achievements of the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Re search and Training in Tropical Diseases; and studies of infant mortality, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, helminths, lactase deficiency, oral rehydration therapy, functional consequences of iron deficiency, and fertility control. Au thoritative state-of-the-art reviews provide a critical analysis of recent data. I hope the Series will continue to prove useful to all those working in the tropics and to those in the industrialized countries whose awareness of physical health problems of the Third World is relatively limited. R. K. Chandra St. John's, Newfoundland VlI Contents Chapter 1. The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DAVID S. ROWE 1. Origins, Objectives, and Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. The Modus Operandi of the Programme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. 1. Scientific Working Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. 2. Research Strengthening Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. 3. The Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee. . . . . . . . . 7 2. 4. Joint Coordinating Board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. The Special Programme For Research And Training In Tropical Diseases.- 1. Origins, Objectives, and Diseases.- 2. The Modus Operandi of the Programme.- 3. Research and Development.- 4. The Strengthening of Research Capability.- 5. Field Research.- 6. Collaboration with Other Funding Agencies.- 7. Collaboration with Industry.- 8. Information on the Programme’s Activities.- 9. An Interim Assessment.- 2. Infant and Child Mortality in Developing Countries.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measuring Early-Age Mortality.- 3. Data Sources.- 4. The Age Pattern of Mortality.- 5. Early-Age Mortality Levels.- 6. Early-Age Mortality Trends.- 7. Early-Age Mortality and Levels of Per Capita Income.- 8. Intracountry Variation.- 9. Causes of Early-Age Deaths.- 10. Synergistic Interrelations with Malnutrition.- 11. Further Factors.- 12. Infant versus Child Mortality.- 13. Conclusion.- References.- 3. Oral Rehydration Therapy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evolution of ORT.- 3. ORT in the Community.- 4. ORT and Feeding Practices.- 5. ORS as an Absorption-Promoting Drug.- References.- 4. Functional Consequences of Iron Deficiency: Nonerythroid Effects.- 1. Immunocompetence and Infection.- 2. Gastrointestinal System.- 3. Thermoregulation.- 4. Physical Work Capacity.- 5. Cognition and Behavior.- References.- 5. Hypolactasia: Geographical Distribution, Diagnosis, and Practical Significance.- 1. Geographical Distribution of Primary (Genetically Determined) Hypolactasia and Persistence of Lactase.- 2. Explanations for the Survival of PL.- 3. Genetics and Possible Undesirable Effects of PL.- 4. Secondary (Acquired) Hypolactasia.- 5. Clinical Significance of Hypolactasia.- 6. Adaptation to Hypolactasia.- 7. Diagnosis of Lactase Status.- References.- 6. Immune Response to Leishmania.- 1. Leishmania and Leishmaniasis.- 2. The Immune Response of Man in Various Leishmanial Infections...- 3. The Experimental Models of Leishmaniasis and Their Relevance to the Disease in Man.- 4. Immune Response in Experimental Models of Infection.- 5. In Vitro Analysis of CMI Responses.- 6. Analysis of Humoral Response to Leishmania Parasite.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 7. Immunological Alterations in Chagas’ Disease.- 1. The Parasite and the Disease.- 2. Immunity to T. cruzi.- 3. Immunity to T. cruzi and Pathogenesis.- References.- 8. Immunity to Helminths and Prospects for Control.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunity to Helminths.- 3. Immunologically Based Control.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9. Structured Vaccines for Control of Fertility and Communicable Diseases.- 1. Feasibility.- 2. Antifertility Vaccines.- 3. Structured Vaccines.- 4. Experience with Pr-?-hCG-TT Vaccine.- 5. Immunocontraception with Preformed Antibodies.- References.