Description
SPRINGER Approaches For Clean Combustion In Gas Turbines (Pb 2020) by NEMITALLAH M.A.
This book focuses on the development of novel combustion approaches and burner designs for clean power generation in gas turbines. It shows the reader how to control the release of pollutants to the environment in an effort to reduce global warming. After an introduction to global warming issues and clean power production for gas turbine applications, subsequent chapters address premixed combustion, burner designs for clean power generation, gas turbine performance, and insights on gas turbine operability. Given its scope, the book can be used as a textbook for graduate-level courses on clean combustion, or as a reference book to accompany compact courses for mechanical engineers and young researchers around the world. Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 Introduction1.2 Global warming issue1.3 Status of renewables1.4 Carbon capture technologies1.5 Adaptation of gas turbines to regulations of pollutant emissions1.6 Emission regulatory overview1.6.1 Clean air act (CAA)1.6.2 New source performance standards (NSPS)1.6.3 New source review1.6.4 Best available control technology (BACT)1.6.5 Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER)1.7 Clean power production for gas turbine applications1.8 Concluding remarksChapter 2: Premixed combustion for gas turbine applications2.1 Introduction 2.2 Combustor Operability Issues2.2.1 Static instabilities2.2.1.1 Blowout 2.2.1.2 Flashback2.2.2 Dynamic instabilities2.2.2.1 Thermo-acoustics2.2.2.2 Dynamic Instability suppression methods2.3 Approaches for efficient combustion2.3.1 Fuel flexibility Approach2.3.1.1 Oxy-fuel combustion approach2.3.1.1.1 Oxy-combustion degrees of freedom2.3.1.1.2 Effect of oxy-combustion on stability map2.3.1.1.3 Effect of oxy-combustion on NO emissions2.3.1.2 Hydrogen-enrichment approach2.3.1.2.1 Effect of hydrogen enrichment on stability map2.3.1.2.2 Effect of hydrogen on laminar burning velocity2.3.1.2.3 Effect of Hydrogen on NOx and CO emissions2.3.2 Variable operating conditions approach2.3.3 Variable flame characteristics2.3.3.1 Diffusion flame2.3.3.2 Premixed flames2.4 Swirl Stabilizer Approach for stability and emission enhancement2.4.1 Stabilization mechanisms and swirl number2.4.2 Effect of swirl number on flame stability2.4.3 Effect of swirl on NOx and CO emissions2.5 Numerical modeling of premixed combustion2.5.1 Turbulent premixed combustion2.5.2 Turbulent combustion modeling schemes2.5.3 LES governing equations2.5.4 LES for turbulent premixed combustion2.6 Premixed combustion in a gas turbine model combustor: Numerical case study2.6.1 Model validation2.6.2 Premixed Oxy-combustion case study2.6.3 Results and discussion of the present case study2.7 Concluding remarksChapter 3: Burner designs for clean power generation in gas turbines3.1 Introduction3.2 Lean premixed air combustion3.2.1 Combustion and emissions characteristics3.2.2 Combustion instabilities and solution techniques3.3 Oxy-combustion for carbon capture3.3.1 Oxy-fuel combustion technology3.3.2 Comparison of air vs oxy-combustion concepts3.4 Premixed oxy-fuel combustion3.4.1 Characteristics of premixed oxy-combustion3.4.2 Emission characteristics of premixed oxy-combustion3.5 Fuel-flexible combustion approach3.5.1 Fuel flexibility3.5.2 Fuel-flexible combustion approaches5.3.2.1 Hydrogen enrichment5.3.2.2 Syngas combustion5.3.2.3 Ammonia combustion3.5.3 Fuel-flexible premixed oxy-fuel combustion3.6 Gas turbine combustion systems3.6.1 Stagnation point reverse flow (SPRF) burners3.6.2 Dry low-NOx/low-emissions (DLN/DLE) burners3.6.3 EnVironmental (EV/AEV/SEV) burners3.6.4 Micromixer (MM) combustion technology3.6.4.1 Perforated plate burners3.6.4.2 Micromixer combustion technology3.6.4.2.1 Fuel/oxidizer-flexible combustion in micromixer burners3.6.4.2.2 Hydrogen-rich combustion in micromixers3.7 High-temperature membrane reactors (HTMRs)3.8 International trends in CCS/CCUS technologies3.9 Concluding remarksChapter 4: Gas turbine performance for different burner technologies4.1 Introduction4.2 Dry low-NOx/low-emissions (DLN/DLE) burners for gas turbines4.3 Combustor operability of premixed oxy-methane flames 4.3.1 Test conditions4.3.2 Combustor Stability Maps4.3.3 Flame macrostructure4.3.4 Flame temperature 4.3.5 LES of premixed oxy-flames4.3.5.1 Model setup4.3.5.2 Model validation4.3.5.3 Flow and flame characteristics4.4 Oxy-methane vs oxygen-enriched-air flames for gas turbine applications 4.4.1 Air flames vs oxy-flames4.4.2 Role of adiabatic flame temperature for controlling flame stabilization4.4.3 Role of adiabatic flame temperature for controlling flame structure4.5 Role of flow Reynolds for controlling flame structure and stabilization 4.5.1 Effect of inlet flow conditions on flame stability4.5.2 Role of flow Reynolds for controlling flame stabilization4.5.3 Role of flow Reynolds for controlling flame structure4.6 Micromixer burners for gas turbines4.7 Operability of micromixer combustor holding premixed oxy-methane flames 4.7.1 Combustor design4.7.2 Combustor stability maps4.7.3 Flame temperature4.8 Performance of solar-integrated oxy-combustion cycles adopting membrane reactors4.8.1 Oxygen separation techniques for oxy-combustion cycles4.8.2 Proposed power generation cycles4.8.3 Performance of the proposed cycles4.8.4 Modified power generation cycles4.8.5 Performance of the modified cyclesChapter 5: Operability of fuel/oxidizer-flexible gas turbine combustors 5.1 Oxidizer flexibility in gas turbines5.1.1 Oxy-combustion flames5.1.2 Oxidizer Dilution5.2 Fuel flexibility in gas turbines5.3 Combined fuel and oxidizer flexible flames5.4 Combustor operability of H2-enriched premixed oxy-methane flames5.4.1 Operating conditions5.4.2 Combustor stability maps5.4.3 Effect of inlet velocity on flame stability5.4.4 Operability of oxy-methane vs H2-eneriched oxy-methane flames5.4.5 Mechanisms of flashback and blowout 5.4.6 Modeling H2-enriched oxy-methane flames5.4.6.1 LES model setup 5.4.6.2 Model validation5.4.6.3 Flow field characteristics5.4.6.4 Flame characteristics5.5 Combustor operability under stoichiometric H2-enriched conditions5.5.1 Flame stability mapping5.5.2 Effect of inlet velocity on flame stability5.6 Combustor operability of premixed oxy-propane flames5.6.1 Test conditions5.6.2 Stability maps of oxy-propane flames5.6.3 Operability of oxy-methane vs oxy-propane flames5.6.4 Flame macrostructure5.6.5 Characterization of flame temperatureChapter 6: Porous-plates and hybrid membrane reactors for gas turbine applications6.1 Concept of membrane separation6.1.1 Ceramic membranes6.1.2 Polymeric membranes 6.2 Polymeric membranes for oxygen-enriched air combustion applications6.2.1 Description of membrane unit and ranges of parameters6.2.2 CFD modeling6.2.3 Effect of sweep gas flow rate6.2.4 Effect of feed gas flow rate6.2.5 Effect of feed pressure6.2.6 Effect of polymer material6.2.7 Multi-stage separation6.3 Ceramic membrane reactors for oxy-fuel combustion applications6.4 Hybrid polymeric-ceramic membrane reactor for gas turbine applications 6.4.1 Design of polymeric membrane unit6.4.2 Design of oxygen transport membrane reactor (OTMR) unit6.4.3 Analysis of the hybrid unit6.4.4 Effect of feed O2 mass fraction6.4.5 Effect of swept fuel mass fraction6.4.6 Effect of feed flow rate6.4.7 Effect of sweep flow rate6.4.8 Design and energy analysis of the hybrid unit6.5 Low-power porous-plate reactors6.5.1 Combustion characteristics in porous-plate reactors6.5.2 Operating conditions6.5.3 Modeling non-reactive flow in porous-plate reactor6.5.4 Modeling reactive flow in porous-plate reactor6.5.5 Non-reactive flow field characteristics6.5.6 Reactive flow field characteristics 6.6 Operability limits of porous-plate reactor mimicking OTMR operation6.6.1 Combustor setup6.6.2 Flame shape6.6.3 Combustion temperature6.6.4 Lean blowout limits6.7 Practice engineering problems6.8 Concluding remarksChapter 1: Introduction1.1 Introduction1.2 Global warming issue1.3 Status of renewables1.4 Carbon capture technologies1.5 Adaptation of gas turbines to regulations of pollutant emissions1.6 Emission regulatory overview1.6.1 Clean air act (CAA)1.6.2 New source performance standards (NSPS)1.6.3 New source review1.6.4 Best available control technology (BACT)1.6.5 Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER)1.7 Clean power production for gas turbine applications1.8 Concluding remarksChapter 2: Premixed combustion for gas turbine applications2.1 Introduction 2.2 Combustor Operability Issues2.2.1 Static instabilities2.2.1.1 Blowout 2.2.1.2 Flashback2.2.2 Dynamic instabilities2.2.2.1 Thermo-acoustics2.2.2.2 Dynamic Instability suppression methods2.3 Approaches for efficient combustion2.3.1 Fuel flexibility Approach2.3.1.1 Oxy-fuel combustion approach2.3.1.1.1 Oxy-combustion degrees of freedom2.3.1.1.2 Effect of oxy-combustion on stability map2.3.1.1.3 Effect of oxy-combustion on NO emissions2.3.1.2 Hydrogen-enrichment approach2.3.1.2.1 Effect of hydrogen enrichment on stability map2.3.1.2.2 Effect of hydrogen on laminar burning velocity2.3.1.2.3 Effect of Hydrogen on NOx and CO emissions2.3.2 Variable operating conditions approach2.3.3 Variable flame characteristics2.3.3.1 Diffusion flame2.3.3.2 Premixed flames2.4 Swirl Stabilizer Approach for stability and emission enhancement2.4.1 Stabilization mechanisms and swirl number2.4.2 Effect of swirl number on flame stability2.4.3 Effect of swirl on NOx and CO emissions2.5 Numerical modeling of premixed combustion2.5.1 Turbulent premixed combustion2.5.2 Turbulent combustion modeling schemes2.5.3 LES governing equations2.5.4 LES for turbulent premixed combustion2.6 Premixed combustion in a gas turbine model combustor: Numerical case study2.6.1 Model validation2.6.2 Premixed Oxy-combustion case study2.6.3 Results and discussion of the present case study2.7 Concluding remarksChapter 3: Burner designs for clean power generation in gas turbines3.1 Introduction3.2 Lean premixed air combustion3.2.1 Combustion and emissions characteristics3.2.2 Combustion instabilities and solution techniques3.3 Oxy-combustion for carbon capture3.3.1 Oxy-fuel combustion technology3.3.2 Comparison of air vs oxy-combustion concepts3.4 Premixed oxy-fuel combustion3.4.1 Characteristics of premixed oxy-combustion3.4.2 Emission characteristics of premixed oxy-combustion3.5 Fuel-flexible combustion approach3.5.1 Fuel flexibility3.5.2 Fuel-flexible combustion approaches5.3.2.1 Hydrogen enrichment5.3.2.2 Syngas combustion5.3.2.3 Ammonia combustion3.5.3 Fuel-flexible premixed oxy-fuel combustion3.6 Gas turbine combustion systems3.6.1 Stagnation point reverse flow (SPRF) burners3.6.2 Dry low-NOx/low-emissions (DLN/DLE) burners3.6.3 EnVironmental (EV/AEV/SEV) burners3.6.4 Micromixer (MM) combustion technology3.6.4.1 Perforated plate burners3.6.4.2 Micromixer combustion technology3.6.4.2.1 Fuel/oxidizer-flexible combustion in micromixer burners3.6.4.2.2 Hydrogen-rich combustion in micromixers3.7 High-temperature membrane reactors (HTMRs)3.8 International trends in CCS/CCUS technologies3.9 Concluding remarksChapter 4: Gas turbine performance for different burner technologies4.1 Introduction4.2 Dry low-NOx/low-emissions (DLN/DLE) burners for gas turbines4.3 Combustor operability of premixed oxy-methane flames 4.3.1 Test conditions4.3.2 Combustor Stability Maps4.3.3 Flame macrostructure4.3.4 Flame temperature 4.3.5 LES of premixed oxy-flames4.3.5.1 Model setup4.3.5.2 Model validation4.3.5.3 Flow and flame characteristics4.4 Oxy-methane vs oxygen-enriched-air flames for gas turbine applications 4.4.1 Air flames vs oxy-flames4.4.2 Role of adiabatic flame temperature for controlling flame stabilization4.4.3 Role of adiabatic flame temperature for controlling flame structure4.5 Role of flow Reynolds for controlling flame structure and stabilization 4.5.1 Effect of inlet flow conditions on flame stability4.5.2 Role of flow Reynolds for controlling flame stabilization4.5.3 Role of flow Reynolds for controlling flame structure4.6 Micromixer burners for gas turbines4.7 Operability of micromixer combustor holding premixed oxy-methane flames 4.7.1 Combustor design4.7.2 Combustor stability maps4.7.3 Flame temperature4.8 Performance of solar-integrated oxy-combustion cycles adopting membrane reactors4.8.1 Oxygen separation techniques for oxy-combustion cycles4.8.2 Proposed power generation cycles4.8.3 Performance of the proposed cycles4.8.4 Modified power generation cycles4.8.5 Performance of the modified cyclesChapter 5: Operability of fuel/oxidizer-flexible gas turbine combustors 5.1 Oxidizer flexibility in gas turbines5.1.1 Oxy-combustion flames5.1.2 Oxidizer Dilution5.2 Fuel flexibility in gas turbines5.3 Combined fuel and oxidizer flexible flames5.4 Combustor operability of H2-enriched premixed oxy-methane flames5.4.1 Operating conditions5.4.2 Combustor stability maps5.4.3 Effect of inlet velocity on flame stability5.4.4 Operability of oxy-methane vs H2-eneriched oxy-methane flames5.4.5 Mechanisms of flashback and blowout 5.4.6 Modeling H2-enriched oxy-methane flames5.4.6.1 LES model setup 5.4.6.2 Model validation5.4.6.3 Flow field characteristics5.4.6.4 Flame characteristics5.5 Combustor operability under stoichiometric H2-enriched conditions5.5.1 Flame stability mapping5.5.2 Effect of inlet velocity on flame stability5.6 Combustor operability of premixed oxy-propane flames5.6.1 Test conditions5.6.2 Stability maps of oxy-propane flames5.6.3 Operability of oxy-methane vs oxy-propane flames5.6.4 Flame macrostructure5.6.5 Characterization of flame temperatureChapter 6: Porous-plates and hybrid membrane reactors for gas turbine applications6.1 Concept of membrane separation6.1.1 Ceramic membranes6.1.2 Polymeric membranes 6.2 Polymeric membranes for oxygen-enriched air combustion applications6.2.1 Description of membrane unit and ranges of parameters6.2.2 CFD modeling6.2.3 Effect of sweep gas flow rate6.2.4 Effect of feed gas flow rate6.2.5 Effect of feed pressure6.2.6 Effect of polymer material6.2.7 Multi-stage separation6.3 Ceramic membrane reactors for oxy-fuel combustion applications6.4 Hybrid polymeric-ceramic membrane reactor for gas turbine applications 6.4.1 Design of polymeric membrane unit6.4.2 Design of oxygen transport membrane reactor (OTMR) unit6.4.3 Analysis of the hybrid unit6.4.4 Effect of feed O2 mass fraction6.4.5 Effect of swept fuel mass fraction6.4.6 Effect of feed flow rate6.4.7 Effect of sweep flow rate6.4.8 Design and energy analysis of the hybrid unit6.5 Low-power porous-plate reactors6.5.1 Combustion characteristics in porous-plate reactors6.5.2 Operating conditions6.5.3 Modeling non-reactive flow in porous-plate reactor6.5.4 Modeling reactive flow in porous-plate reactor6.5.5 Non-reactive flow field characteristics6.5.6 Reactive flow field characteristics 6.6 Operability limits of porous-plate reactor mimicking OTMR operation6.6.1 Combustor setup6.6.2 Flame shape6.6.3 Combustion temperature6.6.4 Lean blowout limits6.7 Practice engineering problems6.8 Concluding remarksshow more